Into the Amazon

0:17Speaker 1:Pushken.

0:26Speaker 2:The first time I visited Lucas of Virgin Matu Gruso was in May twenty twenty five. On my first day there, I decided to head over to Bruce Raster's Ethano Refinery FS Fueling Sustainability to take some photos. Today had down a bit cloudy, but it was hot over thirty degrees celsius. After lunch, a cold wind started blowing. At three in the afternoon. When I was outside the refinery, the sky suddenly darkened, the wind started wheeping up sand, and everything turned reddish. I managed to film a few seconds off the scene before rushing into my car. The wind was shaking the Imperial palm trees violently, and I was afraid one of them might follow me. On my drive back to the hotel, I saw palm branches scattered across the road, a fallen utility pole, and a torn billboard. Then the rain came and the temperature dropped to about fifteen degrees.

1:28Speaker 2:I kept wondering if that had been an extreme event, or if this happened all the time.

1:33Speaker 3:Wonder she get when I read here It's prayed for six months and was stunning for six months.

1:40Speaker 2:The Mozilla Santus is an organic farmer who has lived in the region for twenty two years. She says that everything is now hotter and more stifling, and she has a hunch as to why most we no longer have.

1:53Speaker 1:That tall dance vegetations.

1:56Speaker 2:That's where it cools down, That's where debris comes.

1:59Speaker 1:True.

2:00Speaker 2:Now it's just fields, just fields.

2:03Speaker 3:Clearing, more and more clearing, more and more clearing, more and more planting, just planting, That's what happens.

2:12Speaker 2:This is also reflected in the data on as when i callde front advances, it displaces the hot, dry air over the region, also generating very strong wind gusts.

2:24Speaker 4:With the large area of dry loose soil, dust is kicked up and creates sandstorms.

2:30Speaker 2:An Apollo Pies is a meteorologist and climate analysis consultant with the National Institute for Space Research in Brazil.

2:37Speaker 4:Lucas do Healvas Lucas do Hillviage has been experiencing this more frequently because it is in an area of agricultural expansion with large tracks of exposed soil during the dry season, which facilitates this type of phenomenon.

2:53Speaker 2:She says, the more open land there is, the greater chance of windstorms like I soil Lucas als missing Quinta by twenty fifty.

3:02Speaker 4:The trend is towards hot days, drier and longer seasons, and rainfall more concentrate in extreme events.

3:11Speaker 2:Lucas do juveg.

3:12Speaker 4:This means more challenge for agriculture management, greater pressure on water resources, and a need for urban adaptation such as street planting, soil management and strategies to reduce heat islands.

3:27Speaker 2:Lucas markets itself as a city of opportunities because of agribusiness and its promise of a sustainable future. It's also why people like Bruce and the Fronts Brothers, his partners in the Brazilian corner Eathanal Business moved there. But what that storm of wind and sand show me was another side of lucas relationship with agribusiness, and it connects the city directly to Bruce's legacy in Iowa. I'm Philip Sabrina.

3:55Speaker 1:And I'm Ammy Westervelt.

3:57Speaker 2:And this is Cowboys.

3:58Speaker 1:You say, how do carbon Cowboys?

4:00Speaker 2:A podcast that tells the story of Hawaii US agribusiness tycoon managed to expand industrial agriculture in Brazil by promising to protect the client.

4:20Speaker 4:Modelo Quine.

4:22Speaker 2:The put Sandyarch Fruit.

4:24Speaker 5:Project was a model for producing fruits and vegetables fresh produce. We wanted to move towards agro ecological and organic practices so we wouldn't have to use pesticides right.

4:36Speaker 1:Nilfl Lancher is a farmer from Santa Catarina. He's lived with his wife, Ilaria one Hear on a small farm in Lucas since two thousand and seven. It's roughly the size of five soccer fields. The property is located in a rural settlement and half of it is designated as an environmental reserve. There they built a small paradise of pesticide free food, both for their own consumption and for sale. The farm was part of a larger project to create settlements for thirty farming families. But over the years, with the advance of monoculture farming, of these small farms have survived, and.

5:15Speaker 5:Those settlements in the region where no one ever imagined soybeans and corn would enter today they have.

5:21Speaker 1:The spread of these monoculture crops has brought the pesticides they were trying to keep at bay closer to them. The wind spreads these chemicals over the small farmers fields and contaminates their food. In the case of Nilpo and Ilaria, this has undermined the couple's production. The insects trying to escape the poison from the monoculture crops also end up in the fields of Nilpho and Ilaria and other families in the settlement.

5:51Speaker 5:Even the lemons or lemon trees died. Citrus doesn't last here. It doesn't last more than five or six years here. The avocados that are blooming now, they're blooming, but they're not sailing fruit. We don't know if it's something to do with the climate or the region or pollination. You hardly see any bees all all because of the pesticides.

6:14Speaker 1:Even the water in their settlement is drying up.

6:17Speaker 6:They comutari before we pass out for sustain Malada.

6:22Speaker 5:We have a community well, but we've been without water since yesterday. If it weren't from my well, there'd be no way to water anything. Our production here isn't commercials. The Rio Verde no longer fills the reservoir where it used to maintain the water level during the drough This is also due to the drainage of the water table where they dug drainage channels to plant soybeans, so that sponge like layer that used to hold water to release during the drought has shrunk significantly. We know this has a huge impact, but.

6:56Speaker 1:The problems don't just affect Milfo and other small scale farmers. They affect the whole city. An analysis conducted by Info Amazonia and Tatianamura is a researcher at the Climate and Health Observatory of the Oswaldo Cruise Foundation, shows that a child born in Lucas do Rio Vergi has a twenty percent higher risk of being born with congenital anomalies than a child born in another city in the same state, six hundred and seventy kilometers away. They say the reason for this is the widespread presence of industrial agriculture in Lucas.

7:33Speaker 1:Lucas now has thousands of hectors of monoculture crops like cotton, soy, and corn. These crops use an incredible amount of pesticides.

7:45Speaker 7:The contamination is intense in the water, the air, the soil, and the people. Everything is contaminated and the effects are felt directly by the population. As in the case you may be familiar with it of breast milk.

8:04Speaker 1:Professor Debra Carleros is a biologist for the Federal Public Prosecutor's Office of Monto Grosso do Sul. She researches pesticides in the environment. The case of breast milk she mentions was reported on national television. Ahead is That study conducted with sixty two breastfeeding mothers in Matto Grosso, revealed that all of their milk was contaminated. In addition to finding pesticides in all milk samples from the mothers who participated in the study, the researchers also discovered that in some cases there were six types of pesticides, including one that has been banned for over a decade. That study was published in twenty eleven. Professor Wanderley Pignatty from the Federal University of Manto Grosso was involved in the study. He says the problem has not gone away aglage cause.

8:59Speaker 6:Of the main cause is the heavy use of pesticides that contaminate the water, the air, the rain and the food people are eating.

9:06Speaker 1:Needful one share says that the larger producers, the ones who have made Lucas fass As an agricultural leader, could help small farmers like him. And it's at this point that he mentioned some names we've heard before.

9:19Speaker 2:Now he sie Sichjievo your grande proudors.

9:25Speaker 5:There is no incentive for a large scale farmer who has accumulated land there, who could say, no, I'll make a point of it here and subdivide that land for twenty families to grow vegetables and everything. The former mayor himself, who is from Fia grill Miguel right, I mean Marino Franz Mano, Julio Paolo. They have a lot of land. Instead of giving up for something like this, they want to buy more.

9:53Speaker 1:Marino, Paolo and Miguel are Bruce Rastutter's partners in Brazil. Together they founded FS in Lucas ten years ago. The company throws the word sustainability into its ads whenever it can. Ajolda my sustinkda thanks.

10:17Speaker 8:Hoping to make the planet increasingly sustainable has been one of the main goals of major industries which are working towards a better net zero carbon world.

10:27Speaker 1:FS was founded with this purpose in mind. When Marino was mayor, Milfo spoke with his administration about a dream of building a green belt in the area. Miilfo's wife, Ilaria says the deputy mayor at the time, a businessman in the home appliance industry, discouraged the project Eli. She says he told Milfo, you'll never be able to do it. Bruce and his partners say they started almost from scratch as small farmers and celebrate their rags to riches, success stories and agribusiness whenever they can. But in the city they chose as the birthplace of their empire. In Brazil, farms like theirs are crushing the dreams of small farmers, much like what happened back in Iowa. As you heard in episode two.

11:20Speaker 8:Oh Leasie Lily Fallo ele American.

11:26Speaker 6:Polo.

11:27Speaker 5:He says he's American. He took courses and everything studied in the United States, so he has this capitalist mindset where he thinks that's how it is that we all depend on him, that the jobs he creates or won't matter. But he forgets to start in a company like this should also be about making food production a priority, but for him was sustainable, was economic development, It's agribusiness.

11:53Speaker 1:In August twenty twenty five, when Philippe went to interview Mielfel, and Ilaria for the second time at their settlement. They had just returned from the market. Some of the food they bought they actually grow on the farm, but the plants no longer produce enough to cover their household needs. This is the vision of a sustainable future that agribusiness is creating in Lucas. Cory Melby, the American agricultural consultant we heard from earlier in the season, says corn has transformed Monto Grosso over the past decade and it was all Marino Franz's plan.

12:31Speaker 9:The cornet all is what doubled land prices the past decade in Montro Grosso. Marino friends, you know Paulo's brother there, I had investors. I mean, I was taking hedge fund guys around and it was the mayor at the time, and he was giving me all these cool little charts with a two hundred kilometer radius around Lucas. And he was the first to tell us by twenty twenty, Montre Grosso will be to produced in fifty million tons or corn everything in this radius, everything around Marino. You're fucking folly shit, I said, no way in hell is Montre groser going to produce fifty million times in a decade.

13:08Speaker 2:How wrong I was.

13:12Speaker 1:They've turned Matto Grosso into a whole corn utopia. But it's not enough. Bruce and the guys wanted more. They started eyeing land near the Amazon River.

13:23Speaker 9:I kind of told them not to go there to begin with, and then they asked me with on a tour to help interpret because they wanted to buy more land. I said, you probably shouldn't.

13:32Speaker 2:It's not for grangos to start there.

13:34Speaker 9:That's for experienced braziliance with a plethora of lawyers behind them.

13:40Speaker 1:Bruce didn't take Corey's advice, but he still tried to be discreet. Except we found his flag planted in A'mapa on four thousand hectares of land in the heart of the Amazon. That story is coming up after the break.

14:08Speaker 8:Yeah, Como Prince Sada and this the and Aeroba communities squeezes him between these agribusinesses. It's a community of lake fishermen, but they've practically lost all their land.

14:19Speaker 1:Father Sisto Magro is Italian but has lived in Brazil since nineteen eighty nine. For eighteen years he's worked for the Pastoral Land Commission in Amappa with the territories of traditional peoples and communities. The Anderobo community he Mentions is one of these territories. It has about three hundred inhabitants and is located in the rural area of the municipality of Rattarugalzino, about two hundred and thirty kilometers from the capital Macapa.

14:49Speaker 2:Comeso Partidos miris migos.

14:52Speaker 8:Starting in twenty eleven twenty twelve, agribusinesses began moving an en mass right in the logging sector as well as in agriculture, specifically soybean monoculture.

15:03Speaker 1:The Salmon Will Farm is one of the agribusinesses squeezing the residents of Andaroba between soybean and cornfields. The property spans four thousand hectares and has a direct connection to Bruce Rastetter. While sifting through documents, father she still gave him Flippi ended up at the thirtar Uga Zennial Registry office twice looking for more papers.

15:26Speaker 2:Jobon's Documents Usincza. The thing was, no, I would like to request some documents please, I have the numbers here. Can I tell you that? Okay? It's record two m page forty three, Book two. It's registration. Yeah, it's registration.

15:42Speaker 1:The documents Philippe obtained show that a company owned by Lucas's mayor and Bruce's partner, Miguel Vaz Ribero, purchased Salmanuel Farm in November twenty sixteen. That same month and year, it sold the property to a second company, Salmanuel Agricola Limitada. Documents from the time show that one of the partners in company was would you believe it, Summit Salmanuel LLC, based in Iowa in the United States, at the same address as Bruce's office. The other partner in the company was a firm owned by a co founder of FS and the CEO of FS. And here's a really important detail.

16:32Speaker 1:In twenty seventeen, Salmonuel Agricola LIMITAA pledged the Salmonuel Farm as collateral for a nearly six million dollar debt owed to Bruce's Summit Salmanuel LLC. The debt is due in November of this year. If the debt isn't paid, the four thousand Hector farm, planted with corn and soybeans, could pass entirely into the hands of corn ethanol magnate Bruce Rastetter. It's worth noting here that in Brazil, foreigners faced various restrictions on buying land, and that's especially true in the Amazon.

17:11Speaker 1:Property is used to settle a debt, things work a little differently. To get the environmental permits it needed to plant large scale farms a few kilometers from the homes in Anderoba, Salmonuel Agricola had to get the consent of the community.

17:32Speaker 4:Losto scale.

17:34Speaker 3:They sent an invitation to our principal, the manager of the Salmonoel farm, saying there would be a public hearing, that various organizations would be present and that it would be good for the community to hear what they had to say the benefits they would bring to the community.

17:50Speaker 1:This is Jenil se Gonsalves Patoja talking with Philippe and Marcia Hiberdosa, our audio producer in Anderoba. She's a resident there and a secretary at the school where a public hearing on the salmon Weel farm was held in September twenty twenty three. President were Salmonuel Agricola's farm direct and company employees, as well as public officials such as the State Secretary of Environment and the superintendent of the Amapa Institute of Historical and Artistic heritage.

18:24Speaker 3:This was a public hearing for the company's licensing. It was the public hearing that would lead to the licensing.

18:31Speaker 1:Did you understand that you were being consulted so the areas could be cleared? We didn't know that part.

18:36Speaker 3:We knew it was a public hearing where they were presenting their case to the community. Because if it were up to us, the soybean plantation thing would be a tough sell, since we don't see any benefit.

18:49Speaker 1:Jenisay and others that Philippi and Marcia interviewed at the Anderuba Community School say they didn't have enough information at the hearing to understand that this wasn't just a public meeting to learn about the project, that actually this meeting would decide whether or not the project happened, and that this was their chance to have a say. They all to say there was almost no room for public participation during the meetings.

19:20Speaker 3:It ended up starting around ten am, and each statement had to be a maximum of three minutes. They were already asking Father Seesto to stop talking. Then I spoke for five minutes and enough enough. They didn't want to let me speak. Holding the meeting at ten am on a workday also limited participation. Look, there are plenty of children. There were more children than adults, So this public hearing for the issuance of an environmental permit plant soybeans and corn was composed for the most part of school kids.

19:56Speaker 3:According to Jeninci in the Environmental Impact Studies Salmon. While Aricola submitted to the Department of the Environment to obtain its license, it argued that without the jobs created by the farm, the population of Enderova would lose its quality of life. They also said that this would lead to environmental degradation in the region due to hunting and resource extraction.

20:20Speaker 9:If anyching Brie was a Chivik billow man satching bribus.

20:23Speaker 6:Regarding jobs, we see that at least seven direct jobs will be created for this specific project.

20:29Speaker 1:This is Lucas Space, the farm's director. In an interview he gave to a local website on the day of the hearing. Janie se Gonsalvez Pantoja disagrees lucul.

20:41Speaker 3:Is if we don't see it creating jobs. Sometimes they look for people from outside doork within the community itself. There are many heads of households who need jobs but don't have them. So we don't see this benefit, this return they say they give to the community, We don't see it. Despite all of that, the public hearing was a success. After interviewing people from the Anderoba community, Philibe went to the capital, Makapa to speak with Amapa's environmental prosecutor, Marcelo Morreda. He asked him about the hearing held by Salmonuel Agricola.

21:20Speaker 2:Lindao.

21:21Speaker 6:The public hearing is crucial in theory, it's essential. But we didn't hear about the public hearing, and I think that's an indication that it wasn't widely publicized, but it didn't generate board participation. What we did hear about was its outcome through the Pastoral Land Commission, which is another sign right.

21:40Speaker 1:Morreda emphasizes the damage that agriculture can cause in the region thanks to a peculiarity of the ecosystem itself. Although Amapa is in the Amazon, the salmon will farm is in a transition zone considered part of the sahato A remnant from thousands of years ago when the planet was drier, and this is strategic for business owners since in the Sejao biome by law, the area protected from deforestation is thirty five percent of property. That's a lot smaller than land in the Amazon, where you would have to set aside eighty percent of the property for conservation.

22:21Speaker 6:The serrada within these Amazonian body and ice, along with this area of Makapa, which we call the resaka, a wetland or swamp. To the two Oga ducklings, we talk about the Amazon and only think of the forest, but when it comes to the wetland, it's like, oh, no, anything goes.

22:41Speaker 1:The Salmon Will Farm had a fine of nearly nine million ray ice for illegal deforestation. The penalty was imposed in twenty nineteen, but even still, Bruce and his partners managed to obtain licenses to plant tons of corn and soybeans in the very same location where the environmental violation occurred. The operating license is valid until twenty thirty and the fine was waived this year after the break. What was so attractive for Bruce and the guys about the Amazon in the first place. After visiting Tartarugazino in Amapa, Philippi and Marcia went to Santana Island, twenty five kilometers from Makapa on the banks of the Amazon River. It's the site of Miguel Vaz and Marino Franz's new venture. See the thing that was most attractive about buying land in Amapa was its proximity to the Amazon River. Here's Corey again.

24:00Speaker 9:You're at the most of the Amazon. You don't have all this Matro grossove bis to deal with with with with getting stuff to market, so to speak. You're at, You're at, You're already the market, so do speak now.

24:13Speaker 1:Vaz and Franz are trying to expand agriculture along the Amazon River. They began by building a private terminal there to handle and store grains arriving from the mid northern region of Mato Grosso. The idea is to transform these grains into other products like feed meal and refined corn oil, and then export them to Europe, the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean, and the Guyanas. Their company, called Cianport Combania Norte de NAVAGASAUI Porthos, anticipates a handling capacity of two million tons of grain per year, storage for ninety thousand tons, and a loading and unloading capacity of two thousand tons per hour. Since twenty sixteen, Cianport has been operating grain transport at the Port of Santana across from the island, but we were focused on the other bank of the Amazon River.

25:06Speaker 2:There.

25:06Speaker 1:Vaz and Franz's third business partner in the port, a man named Claudio Jose Zancanado, or ze Gannadio, as the locals call him, had transformed a modest brick house into a port for international exports.

25:23Speaker 2:Have you ever heard of someone named Claudi Jose Zancanado.

25:27Speaker 7:Never. I've never heard my father mention him. My father was an influential man here. I've never heard of him.

25:34Speaker 1:Maria Oswaldina Perea do Santos tells us to call her val. She's sixty two years old. She was born in Masagao, a nearby town, but was raised on Santana Island since she was a baby. She's one of the longest time residents here and had never met anyone named Claudio Jose Zancanado. However, in August twenty twelve, Zanganado sent a document to the Federal Heritage Superintendents stating that he'd been living in a house on the island since January of that year. It stood on a twenty hector plot facing the Amazon River.

26:12Speaker 1:Built of brick and wood. The photos of the interior of the house attached to the case file show a simple place with pots and glasses and plastic containers in the kitchen, clothes and cosmetics in the bathroom, a place just like anyone else's house. In that document, Zanganado asked for a land occupation registration, in other words, a record stating that he had the right to use this piece of land. It could not be a property deed since it was federal land.

26:43Speaker 7:Doctor Moysis was the veterinarian we had here on the island. He lived down there where the port operated by Sandport is located.

26:52Speaker 1:Val explained that the house Zanganado said he lived in actually belonged to a doctor Moyses, who had died a few years earlier. Moyses was the town vet. Zanganado had bought the house from him, and Val says she never heard of him living there, but in September twenty thirteen, the government granted the certificate of occupancy. The very next month, he requested a transfer of ownership of the area to Cianport, his and Miguel Vaz's company that transports green from Manto Grosso.

27:24Speaker 2:It sits What are you guys going to do here?

27:28Speaker 6:We're going to build a port, little ship, soybean's soybean mail all kinds of stuff all over the world, mainly to China. This belongs to Zaike Canario, a guy from Goyash.

27:40Speaker 2:This is private when you will need to be ready in about five years.

27:45Speaker 1:This is a local resident who didn't want to be identified for fear of retribution. He told us more about the construction of Cianport's port. The transfer of ownership from Zanganado or Zaei Gannadio, as the locals here call him, to the company's Cianport was authorized in January twenty fourteen, so with just a few signatures and some bureaucratic formalities, an area of the Amazon that had served solely as a home for artisanal fishermen was transformed overnight into a site that would host a massive grain warehouse for international export.

28:27Speaker 1:Where there used to be a small family home surrounded by fruit trees, Today there is extensive deforestation and the start of construction on warehouses, silos, conveyor belts, and other megastructures. It's capable of loading and unloading two thousand tons of grain per hour. Local residents were never consulted about this drastic change to their community. Here's val again, dadj Namo is no siko.

29:00Speaker 7:They did nothing. Nobody knew. We found out from a man who worked at the government office. He left here and he since passed away. He saw this project on paper there, so he brought it here to tell the people. No one believed it because they had to see it on paper. They said it wasn't going to happen. Oh, there it is right in front of us. There are ships passing by every day picking up soybeans. It stinks like chicken poop, really stinky. It's the soybean dust that the wind blows over here. Look, I don't think this future is very promising because they're destroying everything. The forests are, woodlands are ancient trees. I'm afraid if they keep destroying all this, it's going to get really hot.

29:50Speaker 1:March Almapa's environmental prosecutor says that port issues have become common in nearby Alma.

29:57Speaker 6:Ba Amapa is a port of entry for ships that generally transport grain and all. They stop at the local port, and we already know there are impacts.

30:09Speaker 1:He says, for Santana. This is a new and rapidly increasing problem the.

30:14Speaker 6:United on Santana Island. I don't think they even really land. It's the magnitude of the impact. Santana Island has been inhabited since the eighteenth century. It was a long standing set in that but it's an impoverished coe.

30:29Speaker 1:Santana Island has no sewage system, water for drinking, cooking, and bathing comes from untreated wells, and public garbage collection is inadequate. Prosecutor Moreta warns of the effects of real estate speculation that comes hand in hand with these mega developments, more environmental devastation, a higher cost of living, and greater precariousness for already impoverished populations.

30:57Speaker 2:Magazine we back for the market.

30:59Speaker 6:It's great. This invisible impact, which will never be measured in any public hearing or licensing process, is what truly affects the Amazon we know today, and soon it won't really exist anymore.

31:13Speaker 1:Corey's warnings to Bruce were right. It's hard for foreigners to do business in the Amazon because there's so many protections in place for land rights and the environment.

31:23Speaker 4:There.

31:24Speaker 1:For good reason, Indigenous people have fought hard for rights to their ancestral lands and the ecosystem there is critical to the well being of Brazil and the entire planet. But despite some obstacles, Bruce and his partners managed to grow rapidly in the Amazon, first by building a large farm and now by constructing a major private port, all of this in less than a decade thanks to the slow enforcement and fines for environmental violations committed by major agribusiness executives. As a result, the communities protecting the Amazon and the Sejado are being steamrolled by developers. Bruce's development plans Intentzania may have failed, as you heard about in episode two, but in Amapa he having better luck. And if you think that this cruise ambitions end with a megaport for international experts in the Amazon and grain plantations there too, you can raise your expectations. The Amazon is one of the world's largest carbon sinks, naturally storing billions of tons of carbon, but FS wants to industrialize the process.

32:38Speaker 1:We found documents showing that FS is attempting to change Brazilian laws to make carbon capture projects in the Amazon feasible. They want it to be treated as a regulatory priority for the country and they have direct access to the government to make their case. That's our story next time. We reached out to Bruce Rastetter, Harold Ham, the Frownz Brothers, Miguel vas Ribero, and all Summit companies and Brazilian government agencies mentioned in this season for US and have incorporated any responses we received throughout the season.

33:16Speaker 2:Carbon Cowboys. Cowboys of the Sejadu is a collaboration between Drilled and The Intercept to Brazil.

33:22Speaker 1:The show was reported and written by Philippie Sabrina and me Emmy westerbut.

33:27Speaker 2:Our editors are Audrey Quinn in the US and Alissa DeSouza in Brazil.

33:33Speaker 1:Our senior producer and sound designer is Martin saltz Ostwek. Audio production and sound design in Brazil by Marcia Heberdoza and Philippe MoOx.

33:43Speaker 2:Our impact producer is Lindsay Crawder. Theme song and original music by Eric Terana.

33:50Speaker 1:Additional music by Martin saltz Ostwek. Our engineer is Peter Duff.

33:55Speaker 2:Artwork for Drilled is by Matt Flanny. US fact checking from Naomi Bar Brazil. Fact checking by Studio Froontea.

34:03Speaker 1:Our first Amendment attorney is James Wheaton with the First Amendment Project. We are also proud members of Reporter Shield, thanks also to Andrew Fishman, president of The Intercept to Brazil.

34:15Speaker 2:Drilled is distributed by Pushkin Industries.

34:18Speaker 1:Huge thanks to the team there, including Greta Cohen, Eric Sandler, Grace Ross, Morgan Ratner, Owen Miller, Kira Posey, Jordan McMillan, Brian Schreberneck and Jake Flanagan. To hear the Portuguese version of this series, head over to the Intercept Brazil's site, or search for The Intercept Brazil's podcast feed wherever you listen to podcasts.